Article 258 Tfeu – Key Features

â€Å"†¦judicial and legislative developments *have+ made the *infringement+ procedure [come] of age- from a rarely used, opaque and policy-driven procedure, it has now become a common, fairly transparent and highly technical procedure. † Prete & Smuldres â€Å"The coming of age of infringement proceedings† (2010) 47 CMLR 9 Has the infringement procedure finally â€Å"come of age†? Critically outline the key features of the Article 258 TFEU procedure and relevant caselaw.Article 258 TFEU (Formerly Art 226 EC) empowers the European Commission to deliver a reasoned opinion to a member state when it considers that the state has failed to fulfil an obligation under the treaties. The action seeks to â€Å"fulfil an obligation under the EC Treaty† and to â€Å"obtain a declaration that the conduct of a Member State infringes Community Law and of terminating that conduct†. If the Court of Justice of the European Union finds that the member state has f ailed to fulfil the obligation the member state shall be required to take the necessary measures to comply with the judgment.Other mechanisms exist to secure the correct application of EU Law, including the principle of direct effect and primacy of EU Law. These measures permits an individual or a company to have their rights enforced before a national court on the basis of EU Law provisions, even if such provisions are not specified within the national legal system where the application is made. Article 258 TFEU can be described as a law enforcement tool against Member States. Each Member State is responsible for the applying EU Law in a manner that is full and correct.The Court has the power to decide if a Member State is meeting its obligations that is has under the Treaties. According to statistics from the Court, approximately 200 cases are lodged before it each year. This accounts for a fraction of the suspected infringements that are investigated. The vast majority of cases a re resolved through dialogue and negotiation. As such, court proceedings are considered the final step in resolving a matter where other options have failed.Article 17(1) TEU (formerly Art 211 EC) gives the enforcement and controlling powers required by the Commission to enforce the application of EU Law by Member States. A Member State may be forced to take drastic steps including modification or rescission of national legislation or even modification of a Constitution in order to comply with a Court ruling. Financial penalties may be applied to a Member State if the state fails to comply with a Court ruling. In most circumstances, Member States do comply with the Court rulings, but they may take some time to implement such rulings, which may incur a significant financial penalty.As Guardian of the Treaties, the Commission has improved the transparency of the infringement procedures in recent years. The procedure is objective in nature and the decision rests with the Court to decid e if there has been a breach of law as alleged by the Commission. The infringement procedure begins with a request for information (so-called â€Å"Letter of Formal Notice†) to the member state concerned, which must be answered within a specified period, usually two months.If the Commission is not satisfied with the information and concludes that the Member State in question is failing to fulfill its obligations under EU law, the Commission may then send a formal request to comply with EU law (so-called â€Å"Reasoned Opinion†), calling on the member state to inform the Commission of the measures taken to comply within a specified period, usually two months. If a Member State fails to ensure compliance with EU law, the Commission may then decide to refer the Member State to the Court of Justice.However, in over 90 per cent of infringement cases, member states comply with their obligations under EU law before they are referred to the Court. If the Court rules against a member state, the member state must then take the necessary measures to comply with the judgment. If, despite the ruling, a Member State still fails to act, the Commission may open a further infringement case under Article 260 of the TFEU, with only one written warning before referring the member state back to Court.If the Commission does refer a member state back to Court, it can propose that the Court imposes financial penalties on the member state concerned based on the duration and severity of the infringement and the size of the member state (both a lump sum depending on the time elapsed since the original Court ruling and a daily penalty payment for each day after a second Court ruling until the infringement ends). These decisions cover many sectors; they aim at ensuring proper application of EU law for the benefit of citizens and businesses.Before referring a Member State to the Court, the Commission first requests information from the Member State concerned and then, if nece ssary, formally requests the Member State to comply with EU law. Around 95 per cent of infringement cases are resolved at the administration stage, i. e. before they reach the Court. If after a ruling by the Court of Justice, a member state still fails to act, the Commission warns the member state in writing.In case of continued lack of appropriate action by the member state, the Commission may take the member state back to Court, and can request the Court to impose a lump sum penalty and/or a daily penalty payment on the member state concerned. This procedure is based on Article 260 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. http://www. baltic-course. com/eng/baltic_states/? doc=33306 http://europa. eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction. do? eference=IP/10/ 1422&format=HTML&aged=0&language=FR&guiLanguage=fr http://ec. europa. eu/eu_law/infringements/infringements_en. htm http://ec. europa. eu/eu_law/infringements/infringements_decisions_en. htm http://ec. europa. eu/eu_law/eula w/decisions/dec_20101124. htm#ie http://www. ivoryresearch. com/sample14. php http://justin-santiago. blogspot. com/2009/05/article-226. html The effectiveness of an Art 226 action is diminished by the length of time the process takes and the lack of a serious penalty.The only result of a finding by the ECJ under Art 226 is that the Member State is in breach is a declaration to that effect. The Member State can continue to avoid complying with Community law obligations. Although documents related to the infringement proceedings is available a major source of frustration is difficulty in obtaining access to documents related to infringement proceedings. The Commission does not have enough resources to bring enforcement proceedings against member states under Article 226.By introducing the concept of direct effect of EC law as well as indirect effect or in action for damages on the basis of the state liability doctrine, the ECJ enabled individuals and companies throughout the EU to be come enforcers of Community law in the Member States without the need for Commission involvement. http://justin-santiago. blogspot. com/2009/05/article-226. html http://eur-lex. europa. eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ. do? uri=CELEX:62003J0459:EN:NOT Articles 258 TFEU (ex Article 226 EC) and 260 TFEU (ex Article 227 EC) provide the appropriate remedies in cases where member States fail to fulfil

“One Art” by Elizabeth Bishop Essay

Can one ever practice losing enough to master it? Is it possible to become a master at losing such as an artist can become a master painter, writer, or sculptor? The speaker in the poem â€Å"One Art† presents this question and provides an answer. The poem is an illustration of a common human affliction–grief and regret caused by the loss of another human. Through the use of value progression and the interweaving of denotative and connotative meaning, the speaker shows that no matter how much a person tries to prepare for the loss of one he or she loves, grief and regret are inevitable. By comparing the phrase â€Å"the art of losing isn’t hard to master† with the frequently used word â€Å"disaster,† the meaning begins to take shape. This phrase is used four times in this nineteen-line poem (lines 1, 6, 12, 18). Considered closely with the word â€Å"disaster,† also used four times, one sees the speaker is making a point of rhyming the words master and disaster to emphasize the denotative point that many losses are not disasters–they can be accepted without grief or regret (3, 9, 15, 19). Yet the phrase â€Å"the art of losing†¦Ã¢â‚¬  throws a connotative meaning into the mix by indicating that losing, an uncontrollable event, can be a learned skill. Taken together, the phrase coupled with the word â€Å"disaster† provides foreshadowing to the paradox of trying to prepare to lose a person. The Oxford English Dictionary can shed light onto this interweaving of denotative and connotative meaning. Art 1. Skill in doing anything as the result of knowledge and practice. Human skill as an agent, human workmanship. Opposed to nature. 2. An industrial pursuit or employment of a skilled nature; a craft†¦ Losing 1. The action of LOSE. Perdition, destruction; the being lost or †¦ to be in process of being lost. 2. The fact of losing (something specified or contextually implied). The being deprived of, or the failure to †¦ Denotatively the phrase â€Å"the art of losing† means that a person has acquired skill in being deprived of something or someone. This is directly opposed to nature; in other words, it is not natural for humans to have the skills of losing. The poem illustrates this process of acquisition of skill through value progression in the second though fifth stanzas of the poem. The speaker describes instances of losing beginning with the insignificant and working toward the significant. He or she maintains that by â€Å"practic[ing] losing farther, losing faster† the art of losing will be mastered, therefore it will not bring disaster. Yet, in the last stanza the connotative meaning becomes clear. The final stanza is the only one to have four lines instead of three, which places particular significance upon its message. The final sentence is the key to the connotative meaning of the poem â€Å"It’s evident the art of losing’s not too hard to master though it may look like (Write it!) like disaster† (line 17b-19). Due to the speaker’s need to tell him or herself to â€Å"Write it!,† the connotative meaning of the poem shows that the speaker has been trying to convince him or herself without success that a master loser will avoid the disaster of grief and regret associated with the loss of a loved one. By combining the denotative and connotative meanings, the universal meaning of the poem becomes clear–it is impossible to acquire skills, no matter how much you practice, that will prevent the natural result of grief and regret when someone is lost. In the value progression of loss shown in stanzas one through five, the speaker is trying to convince him or herself that developing the necessary  skills can protect one against major grief and/or regret. It is in the last stanza that the desperateness of the speaker to convince him or herself that it is possible to accomplish this becomes clear. This is where the paradox begins. The speaker is still unconvinced that it is not a disaster to lose a person regardless of the preparation other previous losses may have provided. Stanza one sets the stage of the value progression of loss. It is here that the speaker states what he or she wants to prove. â€Å"The art of losing isn’t hard to master; so many things seem filled with the intent to be lost that their loss is no disaster† (line 1-3). This is the thesis statement of the poem, but instead of proving it true the speaker ends up proving it false. The key idea is that if something intends to be lost then their loss will not cause regret once a person has become a master of losing. The last stanza, particularly the last sentence of the poem, shows the paradox between the thesis and the connotative meaning–humans cannot prepare for the loss of a person. â€Å"–Even losing you (the joking voice, a gesture I love) I shan’t have lied. It’s evident the art to losing’s not to hard to master though it may look like (Write it!) like disaster† (lines 16-19). The old idiom â€Å"if it walks like a duck, talks like a duck, and looks like a duck; it must be a duck† aptly applies to the last sentence here. If it walks like a disaster, talks like a disaster, and looks like a disaster; it must be a disaster. The speaker even has to force him or herself to write the word disaster as evidenced by the parenthetical phrase â€Å"(Write it!)† which indicates that the speaker wants to believe that â€Å"even losing you† isn’t hard to master, yet he or she cannot quite convince him or herself that it is true. In actuality, the loss of a loved person is a disaster because the very act of love requires an attachment that when severed will inescapably cause pain. The OED has this denotative meaning for love: That disposition or state of feeling with regard to a person which (arising from recognition of attractive qualities, from instincts of natural relationship, or from sympathy) manifests itself in solicitude for the welfare of the object, and usually also in delight in his or her presence and desire for his or her approval; warm affection, attachment. Connotatively love carries the concept that its removal will not be positive, for anytime a person whom one is solicitous of is removed from one’s life; his or her absence will leave a negative affect, in other words, pain will result. The poem â€Å"One Art† effectively uses connotative meaning, denotative meaning and value progression to present a paradox of human nature–the desire to find a way to avoid the pain of losing a loved person. This is a universal truth that crosses cultural and temporal boundaries for all of human kind. This essay adheres to the formalism approach to critical analysis by focusing solely upon the text to derive meaning. It analysis the poem’s use of value progression, meaning of words and phrases both connotatively and denotatively. It shows how the thesis is made into a paradox by the last stanza, which in the end provides the ultimate meaning of the poem. The formalist approach has its strength in that it takes a text at face value forcing the analyzer to think for him or herself without commentary from others. But formalism disregards the author’s mindset at the time of writing as well as the effects it may have emotionally upon the readers. In my opinion, this is a major drawback particularly in regards to the poem â€Å"One Art† by Elizabeth Bishop. This poem seems to come from the heart–the soul–of the author. It would have been interesting and meaningful to know what she may have been dealing with at the time she wrote it. But regardless of Bishop’s mindset, the readers’ reaction has a major impact upon the meaning of the poem. Several friends of mine read this poem. The impact upon all of them was, to say the least, profound. Anyone who reads it has either experience a long-term loss of a person such as long-term illness resulting in death or can empathize with the concept. I think that formalism, by removing the emotional element of the reader, greatly diminishes the power of the poem.

Nelson Mandela Inauguration Speech Analysis Essay

All inaugural addresses use tools of rhetoric. Nelson Mandela gave an inaugural address. Therefore, Mandela’s inaugural address uses tools of rhetoric. As stated by Campbell and Jamieson, â€Å"inauguration is a right of passage, and therefore creates a need for the newly elected president to make a public address – these addresses have a synthetic core in which certain rhetorical elements †¦ are fused into an indivisible whole† (1990). This paper will discuss the often subtle but effective tools of rhetoric used in inaugural addresses, focusing on former South African President Nelson Mandela’s, in particular. I will argue that the creation of unity is the overriding rhetorical purpose of the inaugural address as a genre, which is synonymous with Burke’s theory of identification To begin with, I will provide some background information on the inaugural address as a rhetorical genre. Following this, I will discuss the positions of the author an d audience (the rhetorical situation), and relate these positions to Aristotle’s concept of ethos and pathos; I will go on to analyze the appeals and tropes exercised by Mandela in his inaugural address; all of these rhetorical elements, I will argue, construct unity and persuade the people of South Africa to take their first steps towards reunification. The inaugural address can be considered a rhetorical genre, as it is a recognizable kind of speech with â€Å"similar forms that share substantive, stylistic, and situational characteristics† (Tarvin, 2008). The inaugural address is ceremonial and traditional in nature, and can be characterized by Aristotelian theorists as epideictic oratory, which is oratory that takes place on special occasions; the author â€Å"celebrates the event for an audience of †¦ fellow citizens by appealing to common values and cultural traditions† (Killingsworth, 2005). The speech symbolizes a change in government, and is the newly elected President’s first official public address. Corbett and Connors have observed that â€Å"inaugural addresses usually deal in broad, undeveloped generalizations. Principles, policies, and promises are enunciated without elaboration† (1999), while Sigelman points out that presidents â€Å"typically use the occasion to commemorate the natio n’s past, to envision its future, and to try to set the tone for [following] years† (1996). Campbell and Jamieson define five key elements that distinguish the inaugural address as a genre. The presidential inaugural: â€Å"unifies the audience by reconstituting its members as the people, who can witness and  ratify the ceremony; rehearses communal values drawn from the past; sets forth the political principles that will govern the new administration; and demonstrates through enactment that the president appreciates the requirements and limitations of executive functions. Finally, each of these ends must be achieved †¦ while urging contemplation not action, focusing on the present while incorporating past and future, and praising the institution of presidency and the values and form of the government of which it is a part (Campbell and Jamieson, 1990). Note that unification of the audience (which is synonymous with Burke’s theory of identification) constitutes the â€Å"most fundamental [element] that demarcate[s] the inaugural address as a rhetorical genre† (Sigelman, 1996), which is the overriding argument of this paper. I would also like to poin t out the three main positions in any piece of rhetoric, as stated by Killingsworth (2005): the position of the author (Mandela, for the purpose of this essay), the position of the audience (immediate and secondary audiences), and the position of value to which the author refers (the unity of whites and blacks). The author’s rhetorical goal is to move the audience towards his position via a shared position of values, which results in the alignment of the three positions (author, audience, and value). Therefore, Mandela’s rhetorical goal is to move his immediate and secondary audience of both supporters and critics towards his position as the newly elected black President of South Africa by the shared goal of unification of all races within the nation. Put another way, Kenneth Burke, in his work â€Å"A Rhetoric of Motives†, describes the basic function of rhetoric as the â€Å"use of words by human agents to form attitudes or induce actions in other human agents† (1969). In order to align attitudes of author, audience, and value, or in order to form attitudes to induce action in other human agents, the first consideration in the construction of the speech must be the audience. Before I discuss audience though, I will talk about the position of Mandela – the author of the inaugural address in question. Corbett and Connors (1999) point out that when doing a rhetorical analysis, one must always consider the special situation that faces the speaker. Nelson Mandela was elected as the first black president in South Africa on May 10th, 1994; this election was particularly significant because it was the first ever multi-racial, democratic election in the country’s history. It also signaled  the end of the apartheid (from the Afrikaans word for â€Å"apartness† or â€Å"separateness†), which was both a slogan and a social and political policy of racial segregations and discrimination, enforced by the White National party from 1948 until Mandela’s election. However, racial segregation has characterized South Africa since white settlers arrived in 1652, before apartheid. Furthermore, Mandela spent 27 years as a political prisoner in South Africa for his role as a freedom fighter and leader of the African National Congress (ANC), and his significant contribution to anti-apartheid activities. All of these factors established some doubts in Mandela, especially in the minds of white South Africans. Mandela â€Å"had to address the very legitimate needs of black South African people while preventing the flight of white South Africans and foreign capital from the nation †¦ [and his inaugural address] needed to [rhetorically] establish the ground from which progress would grow† (Sheckels, 2001). Because of these varying circumstances, the inaugural address might be â€Å"an occasion when a powerful ethical appeal would have to be exerted if the confidence and initiatives of the people were to be aroused† (Corbett and Connors, 1999). However, while these factors established doubts in some, they also contributed to Mandela’s ethos, which is defined by Aristotle as the character or credibility of the rhetor. Aristotle claims â€Å"It is necessary not only to look at the argument, that it may be demonstrative and persuasive but also [for the speaker] to construct a view of himself as a certain kind of person† (Aristotle in Borchers, 2006). As stated in Killingsworth, â€Å"authors demonstrate their character †¦ in every utterance† (2005). A person who possesses â€Å"practical wisdom, virtue, and good will †¦ is necessarily persuasive to the hearers† (Borchers, 2006). Mandela possesses considerable ethos as a result of his personal identity and regional history; his involvement with the ANC, the political party whose aim was to defend the rights and freedoms of African people, and the time he served as a political prisoner demonstrate his dedication to the construction of a democratic nation. One author notes that Mandela serves as a â€Å"representative of the African people at large† (Sheckels, 2001). The public’s knowledge of Mandela’s past allows him to establish ethos, which in turn helps him deliver a rhetorically successful inaugural address, which serves in the construction of unity between all people of South Africa. Additionally, as one author points out, ethos â€Å"may  take several forms – a powerful leader like the President will often have the ethos of credibil ity that comes from authority† (Tuman, 2010). While Mandela uses his past to construct ethos, he also gains ethos as South Africa’s newly elected President. Because it was the first ever democratic election, in which his party won 62% of the votes, Mandela gains authority over past South African Presidents; his call to office represents the wants and needs of all people in South Africa, while his predecessors’ did not. Mandela’s accumulated ethos contributes to the persuasive power of his inaugural address, in which he makes his first official attempt as President to establish unity through speech. Next I will discuss the position of the audience. When constructing a speech, the author must first consider who his specific audience is: â€Å"consideration of audience drives the creation of an effective persuasive message† (Tuman, 2010). When writing his inaugural speech, which is a form of oral rhetoric, Mandela had to consider both an immediate audience, as well as a secondary audience who would watch the speech through the medium of TV and listen to it on the radio. The audience consisted not only of South Africans, but of people across the world interested and inspired by this monumental moment in history. Furthermore, Mandela had to consider both listeners who were his supporters and listeners who were his adversaries. Corbett and Connors claim that â€Å"the larger and more heterogeneous the audience is, the more difficult it is to adjust the discourse to fit the audience. In his content and his style, the President must strike some common denominator – but [one] that does not fall below the dignity that the occasion demands† (Killingsworth, 2005). One such way that Mandela adjusts his discourse to fit his audience is his choice in diction. While he does engage in the use of tropes and rhetorical appeals, he also uses fairly common language throughout. This is especially important in his situation, as many of his black listeners were denied education by the whites, and thus had limited vocabularies. While Mandela wanted to reach out to the educated citizens and international guests, he also had to ensure that his less educated listeners were able to grasp his words and thus be affected by the emotionality of his address and persuaded to unite. When analyzing Mandela’s Inaugural address in consideration of audience, we may also note his opening line: â€Å"Your Majesties, Your Highnesses, Distinguished Guests, Comrades, and Friends.† Here he acknowledges both the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"distinguished international guests,† as well as the people of South Africa: â€Å"Comrades and Friends.† Recognizing members of the international and internal audience is a tradition of inaugural addresses with rhetorical value. Kennedy, for example, followed this tradition when he began his inaugural address: â€Å"Vice President Johnson, Mr. Speaker, Mr. Chief Justice, President Eisenhower, Vice President Nixon, President Truman, Reverend Clergy, Fellow Citizens,† as did Roos evelt when he began: â€Å"Mr. Chief Justice, Mr. Vice President, My Friends† (Wolfarth, 1961). Additionally, we may note that it is traditional for inaugural addresses to â€Å"abound with unity appeals† (Wolfarth, 1961), which unite the president to the citizens of the country for which he reigns. President Jefferson, for example, addressed â€Å"Friends and Fellow-Citizens† in his opening line; Pierce opened with â€Å"My countrymen;† while Lincoln saluted his â€Å"Fellow-Citizens of the United States† in the first lines of his second inaugural address (Wolfarth, 1961). An address containing official salutations as well as unity appeals causes all audiences to identify with the President. We may also note additional unity appeals throughout Mandela’s inaugural address. There is a pervasive use of personal pronouns, such as â€Å"we,† â€Å"us,† and â€Å"our,† along with â€Å"symbolically potent terms that embody a sense of collectivity† (Sigelman, 1996), such as â€Å"South Africa/Africans† â€Å"homel and,† â€Å"people,† and â€Å"country,† all of which connote community and contribute to the construction of unity. Mandela begins 15 out of 30 sections (as designated in the index) with â€Å"we† or â€Å"our,† and they constitute 59 of the 893 words in the address (6.6%). The repetition of the word â€Å"we† at the beginning of subsequent sentences is a rhetorical trope called ‘anaphora;’ by using this rhetorical technique, Mandela subtly emphasizes the importance of unity As one author explains, the strategic use of personal pronouns is â€Å"one fairly subtle means of transmitting a feeling of unity† (Sigelman, 1996). Appeals to unity follow in Burke’s theory of identification as a means of persuasion or cooperation. By addressing â€Å"Comrades and Friends† and using the words â€Å"we† and â€Å"us† throughout the speech, Mandela is uniting the audience with himself, as well as each other – a â€Å"powerful, yet subtle, type of identification †¦ The word ‘we’ reinforces the idea that all of the [listening] community is united in its efforts to accomplish [certain] goals† (Borchers, 2006). The rhetorician who appeals to an audience to the  point where identific ation takes place has accomplished the purpose of his rhetoric (Burke, 1969). Mandela’s use of personal pronouns and terms that embody collectivity construct unity, which is the overriding purpose of both his inaugural address, as well as his Presidency in general. Mandela’s inaugural address also employs pathos, which is an appeal to the emotions of one’s audience that serves as a persuasive power. Aristotle argued that a speaker must understand the emotions of one’s audience in order to be persuasive (Borchers, 2006); that is, he must understand his audience’s state of mind, against whom their emotions are directed, and for what sorts of reasons people feel the way they do, in order to connect emotionally with them. Mandela’s inauguration was an emotional day for the people of South Africa and the world, because it represented a shift towards democracy, equality, and freedom for all people. One author notes that â€Å"Mandela’s first presidential address before the newly constituted South African Parliament lifted South Africa from the realm of imaginary democracy into a state of actual democratic practice and was a self-referential act of bringing opposing parties together. The [inauguration] speech was the first example of reconstruction and development after apartheid †¦ in words – and words alone – [Mandela’s] speech reconstitute[d] the nation† (Salazar, 2002). We can see Mandela’s use of pathos throughout his inauguration speech. For example, he refers to the past as an â€Å"extraordinary human disaster† (3); he enlists his fellow South Africans to â€Å"produce an actual South African reality that will reinforce humanity’s belief in justice, strengthen its confidence in the nobility of the human soul and sustain all our hopes for a glorious life for all† (4); he discusses â€Å"the depth of the pain we all carried in our hearts as we saw our country tear itself apart in a terrible conflict †¦ saw it spurned, outlawed and isolated by the peoples of the world† (9); and he refers to his win as â€Å"a common victory for justice, for peace, for human dignity† (11) and his o pponents as â€Å"blood-thirsty forces which still refuse to see the light† (14). Mandela then makes an emotional pledge: â€Å"we pledge ourselves to liberate all our people from the continuing bondage of poverty, deprivation, suffering, gender, and other discrimination †¦ we shall build a society in which all South Africans, both black and white, will be able to walk tall, without any fear in their hearts† (16-18). He then dedicates â€Å"this day to all the heroes and heroines †¦ who sacrificed  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ and surrendered their lives so that we could be free† (20). The rhetorical use of pathos is thick throughout Mandela’s inaugural address. Mandela’s appeals to unity also contribute to the pathos of the speech by inspiring the listeners to join together as one, rather than opposing entities. Mandela concludes with a promise: â€Å"never, never and never again shall it be that this beautiful land will again experience the oppression †¦ and suffer the indignity of being the skunk of the world./ Let freedom reign† (28-29). It is also important to note Mandela’s use of what rhetorical scholars have called ‘ideographs,’ which are defined as â€Å"high-level abstraction[s] that encapsulate or summarize the definitive principles or ideals of a political culture† (Parry-Giles & Hogan, 2010). I would like to add that the use of ideographs employs Aristotle’s concept of pathos, as the words are often emotionally laden. Examples of ideographs used in Mandela’s inaugural address include: â€Å"liberty† (2); â€Å"nobility† (4); â€Å"justice† (4, 11, 26); â€Å"peace† (11, 26); â€Å"human dignity† (11, 18); â€Å"freedom† (17, 21, 29); and â€Å"hope† (1, 18). Freedom is the most significant ideograph in the speech, as Mandela was a ‘freedom-fighter’ and was ‘freed’ from prison in 1990, which was a major step towards ‘freedom’ for all South Africans. Ideographs, claim rhetorical scholars, â€Å"have the potential to unify diverse audiences around vaguely shared sets of meaning† (Parry-Giles & Hogan, 2010). Yet again we are presented with appeals to unity in Mandela’s inaugural address. As discussed, Mandela’s speech provides evidence that he understands his audience’s state of mind (a mixture of apprehension and optimism), against whom their emotions are directed (Mandela himself, as well as the apartheid), and for what sorts of reasons people feel the way they do (change, fear, history, etc.). Thus, he was able to connect emotionally with his audience, which is Aristotle’s understanding of Pathos. I will continue my analysis of Mandela’s speech with consideration of appeals he makes to place and race. Killingsworth points out that â€Å"appeals to race †¦ often work together with appeals to place† (2005). In Mandela’s inauguration speech he says: â€Å"Each one of us is as intimately attached to the soil of this beautiful country as are the famous jacaranda trees of Pretoria and the mimosa trees of the bushveld. /Each time one of us touches the soil of this land, we feel a sense of personal renewal. The national mood changes as the seasons change. /We are moved by a sense of joy and exhilaration when   grass turns green and the flowers bloom. /That spiritual and physical oneness we all share with this common homeland †¦.† (6-9). This claim on the land can be thought of as an identification of race with place, or in terms of Ke nneth Burke’s dramatism, a ratio between agent and scene, who and where (Killingsworth, 2005). When white settlers arrived in South Africa in the 1600s, they began displacing indigenous black inhabitants from their homeland, pushing them onto â€Å"less desirable terrain where water was comparatively scarce, grazing poor and agricultural conditions harsh† (Horrell, 1973). Apartheid made the separation of blacks with their homeland even more acute with the implementation of designated group areas, in which blacks were relocated to slums and townships, separate from whites. Hook, in Killingsworth, claims that â€Å"collective black self-recovery can only take place when we begin to renew our relationship to the earth, when we remember the way of our ancestors† (2005). Mandela’s appeals to race and place in his inaugural address advocate collective self-recovery, and, as a byproduct, unity. Burke notes that â€Å"rhetors who feature the scene see the world as relatively permanent †¦ [and] rhetors who features the agent see people as rational and capable of making choices† (Borchers, 153). By featuring both scene and agent, it is evident that Mandela sees the physical geography of South Africa as unchanging, and also sees that the people who inhabit South Africa have the power to choose to unite on that shared territory. Unity is the underlying theme of Mandela’s inaugural address as well as his presidency: the unity of white and black people; the dissolution of apartheid and its associated segregation; the reunification of native South Africans with their homeland; and the unification of South Africa with the rest of the free democratic world. â€Å"When [Mandela] took up the reins of power in 1994, the world was holding its breath, expecting the racial tensions splitting the country to explode into a blood bath. Instead, the world witnessed a miracle. Mandela’s achievement is colossal† (Davis, 1997). Mandela’s inaugural address served as an instrument of reunification and produced an atmosphere of stability from which the new system of government could go forward. Index Your Majesties, Your Highnesses, Distinguished Guests, Comrades and Friends: Today, all of us do, by our presence here, and by our celebrations in other parts of our country and the world, confer glory and hope to newborn liberty. Out of the experience of an extraordinary human disaster that lasted too long, must be born a society of which all humanity will be proud. Our daily deeds as ordinary South Africans must produce an actual South African reality that will reinforce humanity’s belief in justice, strengthen its confidence in the nobility of the human soul and sustain all our hopes for a glorious life for all. All this we owe both to ourselves and to the peoples of the world who are so well represented here today. To my compatriots, I have no hesitation in saying that each one of us is as intimately attached to the soil of this beautiful country as are the famous jacaranda trees of Pretoria and the mimosa trees of the bushveld. Each time one of us touches the soil of this land, we feel a sense of personal renewal. The national mood changes as the seasons change. We are moved by a sense of joy and exhilaration when the grass turns green and the flowers bloom. That spiritual and physical oneness we all share with this common homeland explains the depth of the pain we all carried in our hearts as we saw our country tear itself apart in a terrible conflict, and as we saw it spurned, outlawed and isolated by the peoples of the world, precisely because it has become the universal base of the pernicious ideology and practice of racism and racial oppression. We, the people of South Africa, feel fulfilled that humanity has taken us back into its bosom, that we, who were outlaws not so long ago, have today been given the rare privilege to be host to the nations of the world on our own soil. We thank all our distinguished international guests for having come to take possession with the people of our country of what is, after all, a common victory for justice, for peace, for human dignity. We trust that you will continue to stand by us as we tackle the challenges of building peace, prosperity, non-sexism, non-racialism and democracy. We deeply appreciate the role that the masses of our people and their political mass democratic, religious, women, youth, business, traditional and other leaders have played to bring about this conclusion. Not least among them is my Second Deputy President, the Honorable F.W. de Klerk. We would also like to pay tribute to our security forces, in all their ranks, for the distinguished role they have played in securing our first democratic elections and the transition   democracy, from blood-thirsty forces which still refuse to see the light. The time for the healing of the wounds has   The moment to bridge the chasms that divide us has   The time to build is upon us. We have, at last, achieved our political emancipation. We pledge ourselves to liberate all our people from the continuing bondage of poverty, deprivation, suffering, gender and other discrimination. We succeeded to take our last steps to freedom in conditions of relative peace. We commit ourselves to the construction of a complete, just and lasting peace. We have triumphed in the effort to implant hope in the breasts of the millions of our people. We enter into a covenant that we shall build the society in which all South Africans, both black and white, will be able to walk tall, without any fear in their hearts, assured of their inalienable right to human dignity–a rainbow nation at peace with itself and the world. As a token of its commitment to the renewal of our country, the new Interim Government of National Unity will, as a matter of urgency, address the issue of amnesty for various categories of our people who are currently serving terms of imprisonment. We dedicate this day to all the heroes and heroines in this country and the rest of the world who sacrificed in many ways and surrendered their lives so that we could be free. Their dreams have become reality. Freedom is their reward. We are both humbled and elevated by the honor and privilege that you, the people of South Africa, have bestowed on us, as the first President of a united, democratic, non-racial and non-sexist South Africa, to lead our country out of the valley of darkness. We understand it still that there is no easy road to freedom. We know it well that none of us acting alone can achieve success. We must therefore act together as a united people, for national reconciliation, for nation building, for the birth of a new world. Let there be justice for all. Let there be peace for all. Let there be work, bread, water and salt for all. Let each know that for each the body, the mind and the soul have been freed to fulfill themselves. Never, never and never again shall it be that this beautiful land will again experience the oppression of one by another and suffer the indignity of being the skunk of the world. Let freedom reign. The sun shall never set on so glorious a human achievement! God bless Africa! Thank you. Works Cited Borchers, T. (2006). Rhetorical theory: An introduction. Waveland Press Inc.: Illinois Burke, K. 1969. A Rhetoric of Motives. Berkeley: University of California Press. Burke, K. (1966). Language as symbo1ic action: Essays on life, literature, and method. Berkeley: University of California Press. Campbell, K.K. & Jamieson, K.H. (1990). Deeds done in words: Presidential rhetoric and the genres of governance. The University of Chicago Press: Chicago. Corbett, E.P.J. & Connors, R.J. (1999) Classical rhetoric for the modern student. Oxford University Press: New York. Davis, G. (1997, July 18). No ordinary magic. Electronic Mail & Guardian [On-line]. Available: http://www.mg.co.za/mg/news/97jul2/18JUL-mandels.html . Horrel, M. (1973). The African homelands of South Africa. USA: University of Michigan. Ali-Dinar, A.B. (1994). Inaugural speech, Pretoria [Mandela]. University of Pennsylvania: African studies center. Retrieved from http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/Inaugural_Speech_1798 4.html Killingsworth, M.J. (2005). Appeals in modern rhetoric: An ordinary-language approach. Southern Illinois University Press. Parry-Giles, S.J. & Hogan, J.M. (2010). The handbook of rhetoric and public address. United Kingdome: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Salazar, P.J. (2002). An African Athens: Rhetoric and the shaping of democracy. London: Lawrence Erlbaum. Sheckels, T.F. (2001). The rhetoric of Nelson Mandela: A qualified success. Howard Journal of Communications, Vol 12-2. Sigelman, L. (Jan-Mar 1996). Presidential inaugurals: The modernization of a genre. Political Communication. Vol 13-1. South Africa’s political parties. SouthAfrica.info. Retrieved from http://www.southafrica.info/about/democracy/polparties.htm Tarvin, D. (2008). Vincent Fox’s inaugural address: A comparative analysis between the generic characteristics of the United States and Mexico. Retrieved from http://lsu.academia.edu/DavidTarvin/Papers/687161/Vicente_Foxs_Inaugural_Addr ess_A_Comparative_Analysis_Between_the_Generic_Characteristics_of_the_United_States_and_Mexico Tuman, J.S. (2010). Communicating terror: The rhetorical dimensions of terrorism. San Francisco: Sage Publications. Wolfarth, D.L. (April 1961). John F. Kennedy in the tradition of inaugural speeches. Quarterly journal of speech, Vol. 47-2. Additional Works Referenced Foss, S.K. (2004). Rhetorical criticism: Exploration & practice. Illinois: Waveland Press, Inc. Hart, R.P. & Daughton, S. (2005). Modern rhetorical criticism: Third edition. USA: Pearson Education, Inc. Kuypers, J.A. (2005). The art of rhetorical criticism. USA: Pearson Education Inc. Lacy, M.G. & Ono, K.A. (2011). Critical rhetorics of race. New York: New York University Press

Consumer Protection Law in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

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Toxicology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

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Policy Brief Project Descriptioin ( prison and privatization) - Research Paper Example er prison privatization are analyzed by covering sub topics on economic perspectives, which include arguments in favor and against the policy through cost factor discussion, theoretical considerations on the policy, and how prison prisons are managed. The changed policy trend includes a case brief of Florida. The process of policy making is elaborately evaluated. Analysis includes the procurement process. Role of politics is analyzed. Role of social stakeholder groups on changing values and participation of various stakeholders on the policy highlights the mood of the public and haste of the government in allowing privatization. Conclusion is derived on taking a restraint approach. The trend of prison privatization started in mid-1980s in the United States. Taking the lead from thereon, the prison privatization not only grew quite fast in the federal, state and county correctional facilities, but also captured market for other fields of the prison industry like providing financial services for the building of new prisons and the maintenance of the existing prisons. Additionally, a number of such private companies have become public limited concerns by indulging in stock trading as well. The business of prison privatization has seen relatively more growth than other services businesses. Generally, privatization of prisons is rooted in â€Å"public choice† reasoning of the socio-political environment, created from the antigovernment mood during the Reagan era. It led to policy change in the initial stages of policy formulation, and in the operations of prisons. The issue of prison privatization has aired the notion that incarceration has become a tool in the hands of politicians for formulating policies on essential minimum imprisoning for the growth of prison privatization industry (Price a& Riccucci, 2005). Analysis of the data of the 50 states indicates the role of political elements like the political environment of a state and the political party governing

Micro econmics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Micro econmics - Essay Example Once the US market tumbled the markets around the world followed suit. Some Asian markets even lost 40% (China)while others lost almost 60% (India) in a matter of months. Most analysts hold the subprime lending crisis as the root cause for the current economic slowdown. In their enthusiasm to outdo other banks and get the maximum number of customers, banks were ready to lend any amount to anyone, without even verifying their credit worthiness properly. As a result, many banks had to close shop, including big names like Citibank and Merryl Lynch. Thousands of people the world over lost jobs, companies had to be bailed out and even turn to government support for their functioning and existence. The latest victim is the automobile giant, General Motors. After being the iconic company that it was, it had to declare bankruptcy and carry out a sale to the U.S government. The subprime lending crisis does not seem to be an isolated one in the financial world. Persistent industrial loan defaults and massive loan losses have become a regular feature in developing countries. According to Hoque (2004) and the World Bank (1993), 150 development banks in 33 developing countries have been haunted by massive debt default and loan loss. The present subprime mortgage crisis that hit the credit markets and banking systems is due to the massive increase in loan defaulters, thus forcing the banks to go bankrupt. Industrial Development Finance Institutions (IDFIs) form the backbone of the economy in both developing and developed countries. These institutions are expected to stimulate industrial investment in both private and public sectors in the country. They play the key role of injecting capital into the system. However, a job bigger than that is to blend capital with entrepreneurial skills to support industrial advancement in an underdeveloped economy. This is precisely what IDFIs are doing in a majority of the

Insurance Research Paper about the Real Estate Development Industry

Insurance about the Real Estate Development Industry - Research Paper Example emand pool for real estate industry has increased due to various reasons of zero tax rules for foreign investor, strong international and domestic marketing campaigns, high rental on residential property, residence visa facility by property developer and speculation on short term market gain (Kumar, Agarwal, & Khullar). 2.0 Topic 1. Insurance in Real Estate Industry Real estate property dealers or common residents need to submit various documents like Police Report of burglary or any kind of criminal activity caused property loss, report about estimated damage or loss, surveyor report about property condition and relevant papers required by insurance company to get insurance cover. 2.1 Quotation Dhs.1, 500/- is deducted by insurance company from the claim amount on every loss while quotation value depends on the location and building condition of property. Insurance company and real estate property developers decide quotation amount after mutual agreement. In accordance with Dubai Is lamic Insurance & Reinsurance Co, proposal for real estate industry following insurance covers can be used to answer the question. 2.2 Perils Covered Under Insurance Building and all inside fixtures are protected by insurance cover, Loss of Rent due to fire accident, Sign Board of the company or any kind of hoarding, fixed metal plate work and glass work inside the building. Standards perils like Fire, Malicious Damage, Storm, Flood, Impact, Earthquake, Riots, Strikes, Lightning Explosion and Bursting of Pipes are also covered by insurance scheme. 2.3 Additional Benefit Additional benefits like Debris Removal, low Architect and Surveyors fees and reimbursing Fire Extinguishing expenses are also offered by some insurer to property developers. 2.4 Perils Not Covered Under Insurance Perils... This paper stresses that the present financial crisis may be regarded as a banking crisis, but there are hardly any possibilities of the solvency of the insurance industry. However to a certain extant the insurance industry on a whole has been affected by the ongoing financial crisis. To be more specific the insurance companies which are mainly involved in the real estate insurance also got hugely impacted. Mostly there have been adverse effects were adverse for the companies. The financial crisis had a visible impact on the insurance companies, principally due to their investment portfolio. Meanwhile as the crisis further spread, the valuations of the financial market worsened drastically. Apart from that a number of strenuous exposures were also reveled in the form of market and credit risks. This report makes a conclusion that the real estate insurance companies, during the midst of the crisis period were finding it difficult to sustain, due to extreme downward pressure. The real estate insurance companies are generally large investors and they highly depend upon the long term investment prospect, unlike banks and other financial institutions. Owing to the fact that declining household income reduces the demand of various products, similarly the demand of real estate insurance has greatly reduced due to the crisis. Furthermore, the financial crisis has also abridged activities pertaining to real estate. This has automatically minimized the need of the real estate insurances. Thus it can be concluded that the ongoing financial crisis did impacted the insurance companies which insured real estate to a large extant.

Reality Based Education Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reality Based Education - Case Study Example They facilitate the operation ability of the labor element of production. Difference perceptions about human resource trends exist amongst the different personnel in the corporate world. This paper depicts a case study analysis of the case study â€Å"The Right Way with Employees?† In this case study issues concerning, human resource management in the real world will get analyzed. Social contract is a phenomenon that entitles and establishes elements that categorize the forms of relations between persons in an organization. It is common to identify situations and working environments through identifying the character traits of a person’s social contract demeanor (McCarthy, 2011). Most likely, the way a person relates with the others determines the art of the social contract assumed. For instance, the cases of Kirby and Cunningham impose differences in the level of social relations. Kirby’s assumption of the social contract is affirmative, especially considering the way he treats employees. The manager is oriented and concerned about the welfare of the employees hired by the company. In most instances, most managers create a division setup between them and the employees they hire. That is; they maintain official relations that put away the idea of relating on a personal basis. According to Kirby, the employee’s social and economic affairs were a concern to the company. That makes him part of the concern. For instance, he makes sure that he establishes a personal relationship with the employees. According to many, the leadership skills demonstrated by Kirby create an integrative environment between the employees and their seniors. He establishes the essentiality of collaboration in terms of skills and ability to cooperate amongst the workmates. Kirby understands and complies fully with the SOP (standard operating procedures). However, he also respects the need to

Unfairly or illegally obtained evidence should always be excluded to Essay

Unfairly or illegally obtained evidence should always be excluded to uphold the integrity of the criminal justice system. Discuss - Essay Example s and jurists alike argue that if evidence is obtained unfairly or illegally it is suspect and undermines not only the integrity of the evidence but the integrity of the criminal justice system as well. This discussion examines these safeguards and whether or not they sufficiently maintain the integrity of the criminal justice system. Section 78 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act as interpreted by the courts has a double agenda. It seeks to ensure that a defendant is afforded his Convention right to a fair trial as contained in Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights.1 Its second purpose is to ensure that all relevant evidence is admitted where ever possible and at the same time provide for the defendant’s right to a fair trial. Section 78 provides as follows: â€Å"In any proceedings the court may refuse to allow evidence on which the prosecution proposes to rely to be given if it appears to the court that, having regard to all the circumstances, including the circumstances in which the evidence was obtained, the admission of the evidence would have such an adverse effect on the fairness of the proceedings that the court ought not to admit it."2 In interpreting Section 78 the courts have taken a position entirely geared toward an element of fairness and in this way the discretion to include unfairly or illegally obtained evidence does not compromise the integrity of the criminal justice system. While Section 78 of the 1984 Act has given rise to a plethora of case law decisions, Professor Richard Stone maintains that the underlying approach by the courts is one of â€Å"fairness as fair play.†3 The judiciary has consistently displayed a propensity to remain loyal to the House of Lords decision in R v Sang [1980] AC 402 in its reading and interpretation of Section 78 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. The cumulative value of the Lords’ position on the admission into evidence of unfairly or illegally obtained evidence is

Texas History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Texas History - Essay Example 7. Convicts of the colonies would be sent to Texas for construction projects. 8. The ban did not diminish migration of US citizens to migrating to Texas. 9. Forced Texas to comply with emancipation proclamation or be threatened by military intervention. 10. Authorized loan to fund cost of migrating immigrants. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna   1. Famous battle warrior that fought more wars than Washington and Napoleon. 2. Served as a dictator for a long time 3. Needed military ambitions to support his leadership 4. In his quest as a leader, invaded Cuba and attempted to retake Mexico. 5. Greatly influenced the politics of Spanish and Mexican politics. 6. Lead Mexican troops to Alamo in which he was defeated 7. Was exiled to US after his defeat in Alamo 8. Fought in the Mexican American war with the Mexicans. 9. Got no attention in his later years of life 10. Died in Mexico City on June 21, 1876 Lorenzo de Zavala   1. Prominent leaders of leading Texas’s struggle to be liberate d 2. Best known as an author for his writing about the liberation of Mexico. 3. Big advocator of democratic reform. 4. Serves as the Mexican Constituent Congress and was elected as a senate member from 1822 to 1826. 5. Held several positions in the government and propagated for Mexican federalism. 6. Signed the Texas declaration of Independence in the Convention of 1836. 7. Edited and was part of the newspaper that propagated for democratic reform. 8. Was imprisoned by the England and taught himself how to be literate during those years. 9. Was exiled in June 1830 when President Bustamente got ousted. 10. Traveled to New York and Texas in his life. Sam Houston 1. 19th century American statesman and soldier 2. Part of Scottish-Irish family 3. Became a primary figure for Texas and was elected as the first and third President for Texas. 4. Was involved in the War of 1812 to fight the British 5. A devoted Christian and was later baptized in his life. 6. The city of Houston along with ma ny other places are named after him. 7. Was involved with a clash with a US congressman that was public. 8. One of the key figures to serve as the governor of Houston. 9. Spent time with Cherokee Nation and later became a citizen. 10. Was elected as a governor of Tennessee in 1827. Battle of the Alamo   1. Was a critical point in the Texas revolution. 2. Initiated by the Mexican troops under General lopes to invade the Alamo. 3. Texas army was joined by US army in which they defeated the Mexican Army. 4. Lead to a point in which all Mexican troops were driven out. 5. The Mexican army relentlessly kept attacking the Alamo and eventually succeed in slaying the Texan-American army. 6. Sparked the Mexican-American war from 1846 to 1848. 7. The battle of Alamo remains as a massacre site for sides 8. Travis, one of the leaders of the Texan Army, wrote his famous letter to "the people of Texas and all Americans of the world" requesting more men. 9. The Alamo served as home to missionarie s and American Indian converts. 10. In the 20th century, the Texas labeled Alamo as a prominent place. Stephen F. Austin’s was one of the most amazing personalities that literally changed from an empresario to a revolutionary. Austin was born in Virginia and was a founder of the Angl-American state of Texas. Austin is best known for his cooperation with the Mexican government as he introduced a mass number of colonists from the states to the neighboring country. Austin had a

Coursework on sociology Essay Example for Free

Coursework on sociology Essay To be a non-traditional student is not at all an easy decision I made. Having my own family who needs my full time and attention is the biggest consideration I had when I decided to take on-line course. However, my family is also the best encouragement and inspiration I had. The world is taking its fast pace towards globalization and everyone must be able to cope up. The computerization of almost everything requires that everyone must conform to the speed of economic changes. In this world where education is a key to success and progress, everyone must avail of education by any means available. I believe that the best thing I can do is to avail of education while still having time with my family is to take online courses. The decision will affect my social life and the financial status of my family since I will have to allocate time and finances with my studies. The hours I am spending before in personally doing the household chores will now be partly consumed by my studies. The few I hours I am spending before in visiting my friends next door will now be lessened in have time for my studies. (Kindly use the remaining required words in answering the question whether you are studying a technical field) In the absence of on line courses, I may consider having evening or weekend classes. However, evenings are my only time to help my kids in their home works. I do not want to sacrifice weekends either because I strictly set these days as family and church days. So the best thing for me is to choose timeslots that will best fit school hours when my children are in school which online courses offered. Question 2 English is undoubtedly the world’s widely accepted language as it is the required language for everyone to communicate globally. It is therefore important that everyone be able to have the opportunity to learn Standard English in order to cope up with the fast changing world especially that the world is pushing through globalization. I believe that even the students in the rural areas can compete globally. However, it is impossible for them to do it if they cannot meet the standards of the global arena expressed in Standard English. I believe that with this need, a child needs to learn English even before he go to a formal school. This does not however mean that local dialects are to be set aside and be forgotten. While English has been set as the official language of Kentucky in 1984, I believe that their local dialects as well as that of African-American who speak Ebonics must still be practiced. â€Å"Teachers should be given every possible tool to reach our children† (L. L. Rush). Even in school premises, it is important that students be able to freely express themselves which can only be possible when they speak in their dialects. But in order for them to cope up with the global standard, they are to strive hard in learning Standard English. Even the government of Kentucky is doing steps in order to assure that the students get the minimum skills required in English and Mathematics (V. Honawar). China, being the host in the 2008 Olympics is requiring its people to learn English in preparation of the event. The best way to learn is to practice and that is what every child in Kentucky and the rest of the world must do. This way, their confidence in facing the world will be better build up which will be their instrument in achieving success whether educational or economic success. Question 3 Robert William’s list of values have been created in 1970, that was more than three decades ago. The world has changed a lot, and so are the American’s perspectives, priorities and moral standards. As a contemporary American, morality and family are the values that are of the highest importance to me. With the fast changing world, I value education in order for me to cope up with the success and progress of the world. In order for me to do this, I need to avail of the freedom and equality that the American government offers. All of my current efforts are for my family and I owe all of what I have now from God. With reference to William’s list, I think that the importance of protecting the family is the value that he had missed. As I browsed on the websites providing lists and information on the American values, I was impressed with the survey results made by the Roper Poll Corporation revealing that protecting the family is the first in the list of values that Americans consider as important. The other values in William’s list still appear to be the same important values for Americans although there is a noticeable change in their sequence. I believe that because America has already been progressive, the value of success, achievement and progress are no longer on top of the list. Most of the websites I browsed agreed on the order of the values but are contrary to William’s list in the sense that family is not included in the latter’s list. Also, achievement and success are no longer on top of the values prioritized by modern Americans. I believe that my list of values will differ with that of the other students in a way that family and morality, including faith are on top of my list. I am assuming that majority of the students will conform with the latest survey of which family is on top but religiosity and morality at the 8th and 9th spots out of ten values. WORKS CITED Crawford, James. â€Å"Issues in U. S. Language Policy†. Retrieved on June 23, 207 from http://ourworld. compuserve. com/homepages/JWCRAWFORD/langleg. htm Grass, Gunter. â€Å"The US Betrays its Core Values†. The Los Angeles Times. April 07, 2003. Retrieved on June 23, 2007 from http://www. commondreams. org/views03/0407-05. htm Grouling, Thomas E. â€Å"American Values†. â€Å"Common Questions: Uniquely American Questions†. Retrieved on June 23, 2004 from http://www. americanhospitals. com/questions/american/amervalues. htm 06/23/07 Honawar, Vaishali. â€Å"Kentucky Seeks to Improve College Readiness†. Retrieved on June 23, 2007 from http://www. edweek. org/ew/articles/2004/11/17/12ky. h24. html Rush, Ladonna Lewis. â€Å"The Ebonics Debate†. Retrieved on June 23, 2007 from http://www. princeton. edu/~browning/news/rush. html The American Demographic Magazine. October 2000 issue â€Å"American Values: Overview†. Retrieved on June 22, 2007 from http://www. orednet. org/~jflory/205/day_val_overview. htm

What Is The Modularization Information Technology Essay

What Is The Modularization Information Technology Essay Modularization is currently in focus as a meaning for increasing competitiveness of industrial companies. This is achieved by bridging the advantages of standardization and rationalization with customization and flexibility. There are three definitions of the terms which needs to be clarified: module, modularity, and modularization. The definition of the term module has changed over time from being defined by the physical presence into being defined by structure and functionality. Modularity is a combination of systems attributes and functionality of the module itself. There are seven mayor modularity concepts: component sharing modularity, component swapping modularity, bus modularity, sectional modularity, fabricate to fit modularity, mix modularity and stack modularity. Modularization has evolved in an industrial context. There are three basic drivers behind the desire for modularity: modularization in product, modularization in production and modularization in inter-firm system. Modularization in design represents creation of variety, modularization in production represents the utilization of similarities and modularization in inter-firm system represents a reduction of complexities (Andrea Prencipe, 2003) Modularization does not mean that there is less assembly work required for manufacturing a truck. It simply means that there is reorganization in regard to who is doing what in the value and supply chain, with more sub-assembly work done by the suppliers. There is trend from complete assembly done by OEM to important sub-assemblies to be outsourced. This might not be irreversible, as assembly firms try to find the most beneficial approach for them that will be accepted by suppliers. A big part of the added value comes from the assembly operations. (Zima, 2005) Modularization types There are three types of concepts in modularization. These concepts are: Modularization in products (architecture) Modularization in production Modularization in inter-firm system Modularization in products Modularization in Products focuses upon product architecture and the required interrelationship between product function and structure. Achieving this one to one correspondence between the products subsystems and their functions allows modules to be designed with a high degree of autonomy and reduces the interdependence with other modules in essence, this refers to introducing and achieving modularity in product design. Others concur with the issue of interdependence, as they describe modularity in design as something which intentionally creates a high degree of independence or loose coupling between component designs. Figure 1.1 . (Robert Trimble, 2008) The left diagram is a schematic representation of the so-called integral product. Since the elements making up the product function (the left triangle) are interrelated with those making up the product structure (the right triangle) in a complex manner, the designer of Subsystem [S1] has to take the following factors into account: functional interdependence with the other subsystems (such as s1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ f1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ s2, and s1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ f2à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ s2) structural interdependence with the other subsystems (physical interference, for example, s1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ s2) Interdependence with the design of the entire system (consistency with the design of the whole system, s1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ S1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ S) 4) interdependence between the sub-functions (such as f1_f2, and F1_F2). Figure 1 1. Modularization in product decreases such interdependence between the concerned elements. It allows one-to-one correspondence between the subsystems and their functions, and enables, for example, the designer of Subsystem [S1] to focus solely on Sub-function [F1] and [S] (the structure of the product as a whole). The subsystem becomes a module with a self-contained function, which can be designed more autonomously. Remaining interdependence after modularization can further be reduced if the interfaces between the elements are simplified and standardized as much as possible. (Takeishi, 2001) Modularization in production Modularization in production describes the manufacturing system structure where, as a result of a modular product design, the product is produced from a series of modules each assembled on a sub-line before transfer to the product assembly line. A non-modular manufacturing system would be as a result of the product structure not containing any structurally cohesive large modules. (Robert Trimble, 2008). Modularization can be illustrated with a similar diagram shown in figure It is comprised of the Product Structure Hierarchy (right triangle) and the Product Process Hierarchy (left). In order to simplify the explanation, among the whole manufacturing processes, the focus here only on assembly work in the Product Process Hierarchy. The former hierarchy is built up in pursuit of functional independence of each subsystem (i.e., the degree to which a function of the product is achieved by a single subsystem), while the latter is made up for structural cohesiveness (i.e., the degree to which a collection of parts can be physically handled as one unit). The latter hierarchy is intended to contribute to structurally cohesive modules which are easy to manage material handling and quality control. Figure 1 1. The left diagram represents non-modular production processes. Without any structurally cohesive large modules, the product is to be assembled from eight small modules (s1 to s8) at the same hierarchical level on one long main assembly line. On the contrary, in the right diagram, there are two structurally-cohesive modules S1 and S2 on the right, and two subassembly lines to build them and one short main line for finished products on the left (remember the famous watchmaker story in Simon 1969). It can be said that the Product Structure Hierarchy with cohesive modules is translated into the Product Process Hierarchy with one main line and two subassembly lines. (Takeishi, 2001) Modularization in inter-firm system (outsourcing subsystems in larger units to outside suppliers) Modularization in Inter-firm Systems- describes the situation where large modules are assembled by suppliers on their own assembly lines and are delivered and assembled into finished products on the main line of the automaker This facet of modularity is essentially the outsourcing of the assembly of the module to the supply base. (Robert Trimble, 2008) Modularization in inter-firm system, which has drawn increasing attention in the European auto industry, entails outsourcing subsystems in large units (cohesive modules) to suppliers. The left diagram is a schematic representation of production with a higher in-house ratio, in which small modules (s1 s8) are delivered by outside suppliers. On the contrary, the right represents production based on a highly modular supplier system, in which large modules are assembled by outside suppliers on their subassembly lines, and are delivered and assembled into finished products on the main line of the manufacturer. Figure 1 1. Overall, the three facets of modularization and their interrelations can be illustrated within the same framework of multiple hierarchies as shown in the three pairs of diagrams. Product engineers, process engineers, and purchasing managers must make decisions about the product and process hierarchies and the inter-firm boundaries, while securing close coordination between them. It is obvious that these three facets of modularization must not be mixed up. At the same time, it is also clear that these decisions are interrelated with each other. They are the processes of making decisions about interrelated hierarchies of product functions, product structure, and production processes. There is always a possibility of some inconsistency or conflict between the decisions. In a sense, the most critical challenge in modularization is how to avoid or overcome such inconsistency and conflict through coordination. (Takeishi, 2001) Modularity types There are different types of modularity used in industry. An overview of the most common types can be found in Figure 1.1 (Erikstad, 2009). Figure 1.1 A more detailed division into different modularity types Component-sharing modularity there are single modules used in different products. The same module can be used in a completely different product family. Component-swapping modularity occurs when there are more alternative basic components can be paired with the same modular components creating different product variants belong to the same product family. Bus modularity is used when a module with two or more interfaces can be matched with any number of the components selected from a list of basic components. The interfaces accept any combination of the basic components. Bus modularity allows variations in the amount and the locations of the basic components in a product. Component-swapping and component-sharing modularity allows only variation in the types of basic components. Sectional modularity is used when there is any number and combination possible by the configuration. Each module can have one, two or more interfaces. There are only a few limitations. Fabricate to Fit Modularity One or more standard components are used with one or more infinitely variable additional components. Variation is usually associated with physical dimensions that can be modified. An example for this kind of modularity is a cable assembly. The connectors of the cable are standard and the length of the cable is variable. Stack modularity is the method where a collection of modules can be connected to create a unit with a value in some dimension that is the sum of the individual modules. The modules must be of the same type but it can be either a combination of identical modules or a combination of different sizes of a module. Mix modularity combines different components into something new, for example paint or concrete. What are the pros and cons of modularization? Advantages Reduce time and labor hours required for assembly process Introducing modularization makes the assembly faster and less complicated, by installing complete preassembled modules the production is more efficient with the result of reducing time and labor. Reduction of Labor Cost Because the supplier orders and assembles the parts into a module this time is saved at the one production. Also ordering a module is less labor-intensive compared to construction standards ordering. Completion of Just-In-Time System One Effects of modularization is for example the decreasing numbers of parts with the effect that JIT is more manageable Cost Reduction Effect By increasing the amount of module suppliers the risk of stationary production decreases. If one supplier is not able to deliver on time he gets displaced by the next one . Easy upgrading : Once modularization is implemented, one module can be upgraded easy. This way the system can be always up to date . Changing a module has no effects to the entire design. Dividing a product into  components and interfaces allows changes without affecting the entire  design. Modularization Breaks down problems into smaller and simpler parts By definition of modularity, the concept enables designers to break the problem into smaller and simpler parts Sharing Modules Designee teams can share or use again components from other designs, development time can  be decreased. More effective designing    Another benefit of modularity is that it enables engineers to focus more directly on their own module, often leading to a more effective design solution.   Disadvantages Designing modules is more difficult Designing for modularity is  more difficult and takes more effort  than designing a  construction standard system.  Determining how to separate a system into modules and how these modules will interconnect is the root of the problem. Tunnel Vision Once the design  is complete, product  development is simplified by modularity The  possibility exists that designers will not think to  look at an other methods or solutions.  Such tunnel vision may minimize the overall quality of  the design. Performance Almost always performance can be improved over a modular design, because the elimination of interfaces reduces weight and size.  moreover, it is sometimes difficult to  integrate modules, designed by different teams, and to  make them work  together optimally. Communication communication between teams is the potential for redundancy Maintenance Often when one part of a module needs to be replaced the only way is to replace the hole module. It is also command that it is not possible to order just one particular part only the hole module. The benefits of modular supply for the assembler are cost reduction, increase of the low-scale assembly efficiency, and minimization of investment requirements in new plants (Humphrey and Salerno, 2001), as outsourcing allows the automotive manufacturer to allocate part of the investment to the suppliers who will be located near the assembly plant (Lung, 2001, Lewis and Wight, 2000). From their side, the suppliers can decrease the financial involvement in the new production location of the client by associating themselves with local partners. In this case they have to ensure that the international standards of competitiveness (productivity, quality, logistics etc) will be reached (Lung, 2001). VOLVO.pdf Sectors which apply modularization Figure 1 1. Around 1990s up till now the industries have developed from designing and developing one-of-a-kind products units, towards more standardized and modular products. With these standardized methods a large number different product can be product to satisfy the customers (Erikstad, 2009). Throughout the industries, many companies in differed sectors have adopted some kind of modularisation in their organisation. Each sector or company that adopted modularization is unique in their solutions how to implement this strategy. The sectors on the frontiers of modularisation are the automotive, Mechanical engineering, Special machinery/Plant engineering, these sectors modularisation is widely used. There are many more sectors where modularisation is practise (Berger, 2012). In the diverse industries there are numerous examples how modularisation is implement to the benefits of companies. The in automotive basic platforms are used in many different models or brands. This is the same in electronics were components are extensive reuse both across different brands and across different product types. Software companies split up their complex software systems to able to work parallel and reduce the complexity of the program (Jacobsen, 2003). For building ocean going cargo ship it is almost impossible to build a ship without modularisation because of the size and complexity (Gockowski, 2005)The benefits reported are reduced cost, shorter development cycles and the ability to maintain a broad product range while standardizing and reducing the number of different components and configuration elements. (Erikstad, 2009) Companies which apply modularization successfully In this chapter the most successful companies which apply modularization will be described. The companies are divided in different kinds of sectors ( see Figure 1 1.)(Berger, 2012): Automotive Mechanical engineering Special machinery/ plant engineering Electronics Medical engineering Railways Heating / climate Automation Power tools Other Automotive Scania Scania is a very well known company which use the modularization strategy since 1930s. Scanias unique modular product range is one of its most important success factors. Since each product of Scania is made entirely on the basis of the customers business and the real-world situation, it ensures the best possible performance and quality. Meanwhile, the modular product system lowers Scanias costs, since by using a limited number of components the company can give each customer an optimised product. This business model is one important reason why Scania has been profitable every year for six decades and often describes its relationship with customers as a win-win situation. (Fagrenius, 2012 ) Car manufacturing A lot of car manufacturers produce by a modularisation strategy. With this modularization different parts are produced and can be fit together on different types of cars. Some examples of car brands which change the same parts on different types are Volkswagen, Seat and Audi. (MILTENBURG, 2003) Mechanical engineering Shipbuilding Marintek The Norwegian Marine Technology Research Institute (MARINTEK) performs research and development for companies in the field of marine technology. This companies develops ships on a modularization strategy. The whole ship is divided in modules which are separately fabricated. (Erikstad, 2009) Damen Damen shipyards is the biggest company in the Netherlands which designs and manufacture on base of modularisation. (Damen, 2013) Ship equipment The equipment on a ship and in the engine room is designed and manufactures in modules. These modules are manufactured and assembled in the workshop, and are fit together on a ship ( as a block). This is a successful way to produce because of many technological, services and economical aspects. Some companies which are manufacturing on this way are Marine service Noord and Impas, and Alfa laval. (Noord, 2013) (Laval, 2013) Product manufacturing There are a lot of production companies which use the modularization strategy. They have their focus on reducing delivery time and production costs. Some well known production companies in the Netherlands are Phillips, VDL, Burgers trailers, Hytrans fire systems and Vanderlande. (TNO, 2008) Special machinery/ plant engineering Siemens Power plant Based on our extensive experience in building power plants, Siemens has developed innovative combined cycle reference power plants, known as Siemens Combined Cycle (SCCà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢) turnkey plants. Suited for applications from 100 MW to over 850 MW per unit, these plants help you to meet the challenges of a dynamic market and are designed to optimize planning, implementation times and lower life-cycle costs. (AG, 2008) Nuclear power plants For currently operating U.S. nuclear plants, the average construction period was 9,3 years; the longest was 23,5 years. In Japan, close attention to modularization and construction sequencing has reduced construction times for the ABWR reactor design. (Lee Presley, 2009) Fluor Fluor has pioneered the economic advantages and commercialization of modular construction. Fluors proven performance showcases large-scale modular construction across a variety of Client industries. From brutal arctic winters working the Trans-Alaskan Pipeline, or offshore oil and gas platforms in Trinidad Tobago, or state-of-the-art biotechnology facilities, to the new San Francisco Oakland Bay Bridge, Fluor has successfully utilized modular construction to address Client challenges. (Fluor, 2013) Hitachi Hitachi has been developing and perfecting modularization technology to facilitate domestic nuclear power plant construction since the early 1980s, and it has made great strides in rationalization. Modularization is the ideal plant construction technique for reduced costs, higher quality, improved safety and shorter construction times. We believe that modularization technology is one of the best solutions for the current plant construction environment. (Maru, 2002) Oil and gas industry Linde BOC Process Plants LLC Modularized construction has many positive aspects to consider. The modules contain the equipment, piping, heat tracing, electrical instrumentation systems, specialized coatings, fire protection, ladders, and platforms. Modules can be horizontal, vertical, single level, or multi-level depending on the plot space, equipment, and required piping configuration. The optimum split of modular field construction efforts is determined for each individual project based upon such factors as local labour costs, transportation limitations and schedule. (Laar, 2008) Electronics and automation Philips Philips is one of the largest television manufacturers in the world. Fierce competition in the television market is leading to smaller profit margins, price erosion, shorter time to market, and a battle for shelf space. To remain competitive, we must minimize the bill of material and the cost of system development. Minimizing the bill of material puts constraint on the resources of a television, such as memory, bandwidth, CPU cycles, and footprint. We minimize the cost of system development by modularization. Airbus The Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA) concept, which replaces numerous separate processors and line replaceable units (LRU) with fewer, more centralized processing units, is promising significant weight reduction and maintenance savings in the new generation of commercial airliners (Ramsey, 2007). Medical engineering Phillips Already in the early days of CAN, Philips Medical Systems noticed the advantages of CAN and decided to use this network protocol as communication network for interconnecting various components such as collimators, generators, and patient tables in their X-ray systems. To achieve a modular and open approach, a group within Philips Medical Systems, managed by Tom Suters, developed the first higher layer protocol for CAN, the CAN Message Specification (CMS), which was presented to the public in 1992. Heating / climate The integrated modular cooling solutions combine multiple components designed to fit your specific requirements and specifications. This integrated solution not only reduces the total number of suppliers, but it also drives down your overall costs (laval, 2013) Power tools Black Decker The patented MATRIX modular tool system offers performance and value in a simple and practical way for power tool users to grow their toolbox at their own pace. With this system, users can access some of the industrys most popular types of tools which were traditionally limited to professionals while offering savings up to 42% versus purchasing bare tools separately. (Decker, 2013) Control of modularization Joery stuk btp btf etc Key elements Key elements modularization Internal key elements Product design etc External key elements Suppliers etc Boundary conditions

Budgetary Control: Advantages and Disadvantages

Budgetary Control: Advantages and Disadvantages Budget and budgetary control are the two most important aspects of any business. The budgetary control acts as a complimentary aspect to budget and works and in hand. Budget can e termed as an accounting concept, whereby, an organization and its members, try to define the trend of activities of an organization during a course of time, depending on the past experience. Budgets, comes up various figures relating to sales, purchase etc. and puts forward a frame of reference in front of its employees and other members. Thus, it helps an organization to keep a check on its present activities in relation to budget thus provided, and this check in words can be termed as budgetary control. Budgets, by definition, have to be prepared in advance; and as a result, often referred to as the feed forward system. Feed forward incorporates the most important aspect of budgeting: looking at situations in advance, thinking about the impact and implications of things in advance and attempting to take control of situations in advance. Budget and budgetary control seems to stream line the activities of organizations and provides a disciplinary outlook. Budgets are often termed as integral part of any business and thus, play a vital role in a organizational success. In the following report, an attempt has been made to put across a brief overview in regard to the same. A budget can be described as a plan expressed in quantitative and money terms. Budgets are usually prepared and approved in advance and take into consideration the period it needs to be used and the similar period on the previous years. Budgets are prepared to put across a picture whereby, an organization tries to implement different actions and planning to attain the budgetary figures. Budgets are prepared on a department wise as well as a whole. The budgetary figures put across helps an organization to gear up its activities and often act in boosting up the employee motivation. However, since budget and budgetary facts and figures relates to future, the forecasting and its preparation should be taken care off. BUDGETORY CONTROL As already mentioned, budget and budgetary control works hand in hand. A budget puts forward the financial data representation of certain facts and figures depending on the past, which needs to be fulfilled in the near future. However, budgetary control ensures the fact that the budget is properly followed and an organization attains the predetermined growth. In other words, the concept of budgetary control can be described as an action relating to the usage on the budget to attain pre-determined organizational success. The whole phenomenon can be described as a chain of activities whereby, budgets are prepared to attain an organizational goal and then, the successful implementation and following those figures in different sphere of activities can be described as budgetary control. In simple words, budgetary control relates to the establishment of budgets relating the responsibilities of budget holders the needs of a policy. Budgetary control also relates to the continuous comparison of actual with budgeted results to ensure that the objectives of the same are properly achieved; or to provide a basis for the change of those objectives. In summary, a budget is a statement setting out the monetary, numerical or non quantitative aspects of an organisations plans for the coming week or month or year. Budgetary control is the analysis of what happened when those plans came to be put into practice, and what the organisation did or did not do to correct for any variations from these plans. BENEFITS OF BUDGET AND BUDGETARY CONTROL Budgets provide benefits both for the business, and also for its managers and other staffs: The budget assists planning A budget is prepared for the future in order ensures proper allocation of resources among all the departments and so that the organization attains the predetermined success. A budget thus assists a business to plan its future course of action. The budget communicates and co-ordinates A budget once prepared and accepted by the authority is usually communicated to all the departments and other members so that all the work can be properly co-ordinated. The budget helps in controlling over-utilisation of resources or increase in cost/expenses and a decrease in incomes/sales. The budget helps in decision-making process A budget is designed kept in mind the future course of action and thus, helps in the decision-making activities of the future. The budget can be used to monitor and control A budget helps in keeping a control on the overall activities of a business organization. The budget can be used to motivate and control A budget puts forward certain monthly and quarterly figures which different departments needs to attain during that specific. Often on attaining such figures, the employees are rewarded with bonus or increments. The budget maintains a discipline A budget helps an organization to maintain a discipline over its expenditure trends and thus, keeps a maintains an organizational discipline. LIMITATIONS OF BUDGET BUDGETARY CONTROL Though there are various benefits to the fact of budget and budgetary control, however, there are few limitations also and these are described below: Benefits of producing a budget should exceed its cost Often small organizations cannot cope up with the cost of budgeting and maintain its activities at par. For tem, budgets are of mere use. Budgets are often not accurate This document provides details based on the figures of the past and therefore, it often happens that the budgets are not realistic because of the changes in the market structure and demand pattern. The budget might demotivate Employees who might not be able to achiee the budgeted targets might be demotivated with the budget. Budgets might lead to dysfunctional management Targets might pose in a threat within various departments of an organization. For example, a production department might achieve extra output than the sales department actually requires. As a result, budgets need to be set at realistic levels and linked and co-ordinated across all departments with proper informations. Budgets might be set at too low levels Budgets being prepared by individuals can be manipulated and hence, should be properly checked because low level budgets might effect the work culture. Applicability of Budgeting and Budgetary Control Budgeting can be applied to virtually every situation. Different organizations require different types of budgeting in order to achieve its organizational goal. As it can be pointed out, there are many issues underlying the use of a budgeting system that need careful consideration. For example, the budgeting systems cannot just be imposed on an organisation nor do they run themselves. Managers at all levels often resent revised budgets and budget targets afer closely inspecting the present scenario. The budgeting process The budgeting process is a very lengthy process: typically, for a large organisation, the pre budgeting phase can begin up to a year before the budget period starts. In this section, Jones and Pendlebury (1984), pp62-63, gives some insight into the beginning of the budgeting cycle for the preparationTimetable for preparation of detailed revenue budget and capital programme for a Local Authority. The process starts in June in the year preceding the budget period with the draft budget manual being sent to Finance Officers, who discuss this draft with their departmental staff (with a view to adoption or amendment). The budgetary planning phase is completed in March (ready for an April start) when the printed budget book is published and the approved estimates are put into the financial control system. The budget period The budget period is the period for which a set of budgets is prepared: typically the budget period is of one years duration, and will be designed to coincide with an organisations financial, or fiscal, year. There is no reason why a budget period has to be one year, but typically it is. However, a fiscal year is usually divided into several smaller periods such as monthly or quarterly to keep a close check on the departmental activities. However, in certain situations, the budget period will be analysed according some particular feature of the work in that situation: for example, stockbrokers have their year divided into accounts of two and three weeks duration. These divisions of a budget period are control periods. Budget centres Different organizations are tend to be divided in various organizational departments to ensure the maximum benefit of the budget and the budgetary control. A budget centre is one part of an organisation for which budgets are prepared. That is, a budget centre, like a cost or profit centre, is a section of an organisation (division, department, building, individual) for which a separate budget is prepared. Interrelationships of budgets As mentioned, different budget centres get their specific budget and according to them they plan their activities. But, strikingly, all these departmental budgets has interlinked and possess inter-relationships and as a result, has to be worked out properly, in order to apply it effectively. On preparation of sales budget, it can be easily noted that the same has got strong links with the stock budget and the stock budget has strong links with the cash budget. Therefore, when any of the budgets are changed it has its direct impact on the other related budgets. The more complex the organisation and the more complex the processes within that organisation, the greater the number and variety of interrelationships that any budget for that organisation is bound to contain. Conclusion In the above paragraphs, various aspects of budgeting has been discussed. After all the discussions it can be further concluded that a budget plays an integral part of any business operations and in order to assure the proper utilisation of budget and to keep a close check on the different activities of an organization, budgetary control is necessary. Both these process helps an organization to attain its organizational goal. However, all the details provided in this report are not absolute and are subject to various limitations pertaining to limited knowledge, time and resources. But, we hope that the report will provide a brief idea about the subject. Art Therapy: Types and Effectiveness Art Therapy: Types and Effectiveness [D1] Art[D2] therapy is part of communicative therapy that focuses on the creative process for building up an artistic approach to recover a person’s mental, physical, emotional well-being. The artistic process [D3]involve in one expressing itself artistically which can support people to understand issues and to develop and accomplish their feelings and behavior, to reduce stress and to improve self-esteem and self-awareness. You do not need to be a talented or artist person to get the  benefits. There are experts that will work with you to get deep into the primary messages delivered through your arts, which will support in the remedial process. Art therapy can accomplish several things for several people. Therapists use art for counseling by, healing, rehabilitation, treatment, psychotherapy and in a broad sense of the term; it is used to manipulate one’s inner self in a way, which may provide the person with the deeper understanding of him/her self. Art therapists are experts, trained in both therapy and art. They are familiar about human growth, psychological concepts, clinical training, divine, diverse and creative traditions and the remedial potential of the art. Art is used in treatment, valuation, investigation, and provide consultations to associated professionals. Art therapist work with people of every age: individuals, families, couples, groups and societies. They provide facilities both individually and as a part of clinical groups, in situations that contain mental health, rehabilitation, remedial and scientific institutions; community outreach programs; schools; corporate structures; and independent practices.The best part is tha tanyone can use the art therapy. In the world where there is the multitude of methods to express and communicate one’s self. One of major differences among art therapy and the other methods of communication is that maximum other methods of communication provoke the use of words and la nguage as a mean of communication. One of the splendors of art as therapy is the capability of a person to express their feelings through any kind of art. However there are various other types of expressive therapies but expressive art therapy typically uses more traditional forms of the art such as painting, drawing, sculpture, or the variety of other types of graphic art expression.Art counselors are skilled to understand nonverbal symbols metaphors that are frequently expressed through the art and through the creative procedure, ideas that are typically hard to express through words. It is with this process that the person really originates to notice the effects of the art therapy and discoveries that can be made. Multiple sclerosis(MS) is aprovocativedisease in which theshielding coversofnerve cellsin thebrainandthe spinal cordare damaged. This damage interrupts the capacity of portions of the nervous system to communicate. There is no known cure for multiple sclerosis. Treatments endeavor to improve the function after the attack and avert new attacks. Art counselors work with these patients to support them to come to the terms with their condition and understand to accept their reality. Art therapy doesn’t always change peoples lives in a small period of time though but it does compromise a solution to their issues that is less clinical and complex than what they had tried before. MS is a complex disease that is difficult to define and hard to describe to those who doesn’t experience the nerve pain or the muscle spasms and the other physical limitations. Unfortunately, if you keep your feelings and thoughts to only yourself it can become both emotionally and physically harmful. Art therapies can help a persondevelop and express theemotional effect of MSwithout the use of words, improving stress situations and helping the person forge better contacts with friends, family and the medical team. The main purpose of art therapy is to relieve the stress, understand emotions, and to restore the sense of control confidence. Though it is a broad term but art therapy classically refers to any type of creative expression that is directed by an expert therapist who is committed to helping a patient revitalize their bodily and psychological health and skills. However doing art at your home on your own can also have positive effect. Here are few of the most important benefits of art therapy on MS patients, they include: Stress relief –Distracting your feelings and concentrating on a positive activity for some time is beneficial for relieving stress. Art itself is a fantastic mode to transfer focus and the slow monotonous actions of painting, drawing or even sculpting can physically provide peace to the body. Depression less and isolation –As MS signs begin to hinder with your movement or energy levels, your social life starts to suffer and finally, numerous MS patients become isolated, nervous and depressed. Being with a person who understands your moods and symptoms can provide a healthy bonding opportunity. Graphical help for vocal problems –It is not rare to get tongue-tied or merely give up on explanation for your symptoms and to state of mind to public/people. Unfortunately, a deficiency of communication means less effective remedy which leads to more suffering. Various people found out that they could express difficult thoughts easily with a graphical representation, specifically after getting into the pace of the artistic method. For numerous MS patients, only holding on to the paintbrush is an important challenge. The final product is not essentially the most significant part of the treatment; the act of producing is what releases the tension, inspires self-exploration, and support social activities. Art therapists use lots of other genres to understand their patients, including music, movement, dance and writing. Artistic treatment is a way of using the arts for example art, music, dance or drama in a beneficial environment with a qualified therapist. In arts treatment, MS patient are helped to express themselves by creating something, anything such as any kind of music or a painting, sometimes even a play. This could help them express their feelings, without even using words. When some patients could not talk without choking on their tears, the treatment gives them a voice and a mode to express themselves without having to talk. They don’t need to have any kind of special skill or any experience of doing art, dance, music or drama to discover the arts therapy supportive. The target is not to yield a great work of art but to enhance their creations to understand them better. There are different arts therapies available for different type of MS patients. They all have recognized professional figures and provide guideline and codes of practice for their patients. Music therapy In this therapy, MS patient communicate with their therapist through music. This means playing, singing or even listening to music. If the patient is doing group music therapy, therapist can also use music to communicate with other patients in the group. Music therapies can be helpful in various ways. It could help patient express difficult feelings and hard memories that they find too hard to talk about in words. It could bring back the old feelings and the memories they thought they had forgotten, helping to deal with hard things in their past and move on. It could help them get used to expressing themselves, which can then help them write or talk about their feelings more easily. The therapist could use music to connect with their patients, even if they are not consciously listening. That may be helpful if they find it really hard to communicate with new people, and can help them feel more capable to involve with other people. Music therapy typically uses tapping or simple melodic instruments that can be played, even if patients don’t have any kind of experience of playing music. For example: drums wood blocks maracas bells chime bars Simple harps. In this therapy, you may improvise music or play precise bits of music that you can practice and progress over time. During the session, the therapist will listen to the music patients create, and they use it to try and apprehend how patients are feeling. They will respond to this by playing one of their own music and practice this to try make positive deviations to how a patient feels. They may also help patient to use music to explore their feelings and to think about how to relate to people. Dance therapy Dance therapy uses dance movements to help one express their feelings. It can help therapist to become aware of emotions that one find it hard to discuss, and to make a patient feel more comfortable with their body. Dance therapies can be mainly helpful if the MS patients are having these issues: Patients have negative feelings about their body for example, if they have a mental health issue related to their appearance, including eating problems orthe body dysmorphic disorderor (BDD). Their emotional problems come out as physical illnesses for example, if they have depression, they can experience physical pain as part of this issue. They find physical interaction with other people hard. They feel separate or disconnected from their surroundings, or even out-of-touch with normal life They are taking medication that disturbs the way they move They have been sexually or physically abused, or have experienced a trauma. In the dance therapy session, the therapist watches the way the patient move in order to comprehend more about how they are feeling, and helps them to express themselves through their movements. The therapist can encourage patients to change their movements to help change the way they feel. Like if a patient is feeling low or depressed, they may hunch their shoulders and appear smaller than they are. The therapist then can encourage them to reach up and stand more upright, to help them feel more self-confident. It is a nice idea to wear loose and comfortable clothes with light, flat shoes or even bare feet when doing dance therapy, so one can feel more comfortable when they are moving around. Drama therapy: Drama therapy is another form of therapy that uses the theatre and drama. It is mostly used in groups, but can also be offered as a one-to-one basis. In drama therapy, there are a range of different techniques. Improvisation: making up small plays or sketches Role play: acting the part of a specific person in a precise situation, such as being a parent or a child. Mime: acting without using any words Movement: using the body to express yourself Rhythm: using diverse rhythms in a speech to help develop your control on the way you express yourself. Speech: using voice in ways that one otherwise find difficult such as shouting, whispering or crying. Acting out: replaying behaviors that has caused one’s problem in the past, to help to learn to do things differently, or to replaying a situation you find difficult. However, you do not have to only act in drama therapy. You can also be part in other parts of theatre, like: being a director or producer lighting person making scenery, costume or the props Being the audience: this can be mainly helpful if you are feeling stunned or you want some space without wanting to leave the group. Drama therapy can help in several ways: Expressing how you feel in a drama can help you understand to put tough experiences behind you. Using Stories, imagery or symbols in a drama allows you to discover difficult or aching things that have occurred to you from a harmless distance, without having you to repeat the detail of your own story. It can also help you to explore and understand the relationships with people, and can help you to address various problems. During a session, therapist may use or adjust existing stories. They may improvise sketches or the plays. Patients have to act out a situation that has actually happened, or to make up a whole new one, to help them understand the feelings and relationships better. Arts therapy: Art therapy usually uses painting, clay and various other types of art to help patients get in touch with their feelings and express themselves. The art they make can also help their therapist understand more about their feelings and what is causing them, and can help them learn how to deal with things. The different materials that are used in the art can be helpful in various ways. For example: Objects as stones, pieces of trash or bark may help them reconnect with nature and help them feel closer to the world around them. Objects they find may remind them of experiences they have had and helped them express and explore their feelings around them. Clay can be valuable if they find using color difficult due to attack Clay may help them move on from difficult feelings and experiences. The shape of clay is easily changed and transformed to show changes in the emotions or circumstances. Using a camera can help them to connect with the present moment and with life it creates an immediate picture but at the same time keep them separate from what they are photographing, as they see it through a camera screen or lens. Taking a photo can help them deal with their situation, as they think about how the things they choose to photograph might be connected with memories and emotions in their past. During the session, a patient or a therapist can decide what type of things they might create, or they might use music, poetry or a story to give some ideas. As part of a therapy, a patient may display their artwork in an exhibition which can help them accept their state and emotions and feel more accepted by others, because their experiences are presented in a way that is better for other people to understand. This may be mainly useful if they have felt alienated after the attack. Various people find that enclosing their art is also a supportive part of therapy. For example, the frame may represent a limit that contains the emotions in a picture and makes them safe. These are few things that must be focused by a therapist while dealing with a MS patient during a therapy. Innovation: Use of a detailed art material or graphical media to address patient’s presenting problems or for the strength and well-being of patients. Adaptation: Development of a detailed interference based on a psychotherapeutic approach such aspsychoanalysis,CBT, or other model. Popularity: Consistent presence in literature conferences, or workshops, whether it is the actual intervention or variation of an intervention. Edith[D4] Kramer, a renowned USA art therapist, artist and author, who is working for MS patients for several years, is credited with inventing the term third hand, the idea central to her approach to the art as therapy. To Kramer, the art therapy’s purpose is to allow the individual to generate graphical images that expressively and truthfully connect with experience and to the best of the person abilities. Kramers position resonances psychoanalyst, Theodore Reikslistening with the Third Ear, a discourse describing how psychotherapists instinctively use their owninsensibleminds to decode and understand their clients. Here is an explanation of the third hand involvement in its modest form. When working with a child patient, therapist might cultivate a drawing for the kid to polish as a way of creating a relationship or communication. In another scenario, Therapist might save a childs clay character from tumbling apart by showing the child how to strengthen the legs or framework. Sometimes the art therapist literally becomes the hands for a specific patient; a mature with a incapacitating MS illness may need therapist to help cut and arrange the photos for a collage. Other times, therapist might make art during the session alongside a patient if it is therapeutically helpful or they might even communicate something nonverbally through an artistic communication rather than using words. Active imagination, in its widest sense, has a much greater role in the art therapy than just permitting impulsive images to disclose. It has a appropriate significance in modern practice because of fresh interest inm indfulness and methods such as dialectical behavior therapy and somatic experiencing, focusing on encouraging one to stick with the image and the bodys felt sense. These methods are progressively being used as methods for addressingtraumareactions and posttraumaticstress, among other emotional challenges and disorders due to MS. Mindfulness, adopted byneuroscience gurus likeDan Siegel and others, is a practice of harmonizing, very much similar to the nonjudgmental, alert concentration found in active imagination. Active imagination is just that a distinction on mindfulness exercise which is all about evolving a more serious ability to elucidate ones thoughts, feelings and physical experiences. The advantage in using art expression is that it takes the products of lively imagination into concrete form, something that art therapy grasps central and striking to the remedial process. And as Jung implicit, staying with the image just may be the excellent function that helps patients see who they are, hold the moment, and accept what is, rather than what ought to be. Art therapists and psychologists, along with some counselors have consequently adapted the idea of ‘how do you feel right now’ in a range of ways. Children, for instance, may be asked to draw faces articulating mad, sad, glad and scared to help them connect their emotional[D5]experiences to the therapist. An activity usually called a body scan is alternative general repetition that involves using a sketch of a body as stage for using drawing, collage or paint to portray where emotions are felt in the body. Its a method that is showing to be mainly useful with people who have posttraumatic stress symptoms and MS symptoms because it often helps them to graphically identify distressful body feelings related to suffering reactions. While there are other similar directives, many art therapists, take a more free form method and simply ask patients to use color, shapes and lines, or images to express feelings when suitable to thegoalsof therapy. Citations: http://www.arttherapyblog.com/what-is-art-therapy/#.VSQPE_mUdNM http://ms.newlifeoutlook.com/art-therapy-for-ms/ http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2011/08/17/5-quick-facts-about-art-therapy/ http://www.mind.org.uk/information-support/drugs-and-treatments/arts-therapies/#.VSQTVfmUdNM https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/arts-and-health http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis [D1]Give Proper Title [D2]Heading needed. What is this paragraph about? [D3]Font size is required to set as 12pts and Line spacing is required to be set as â€Å"Double or 2.0† [D4]Heading needed. [D5]Though it’s nice but you are required to get rid of the Image. An Inspector Calls: Character Analysis of the Inspector An Inspector Calls: Character Analysis of the Inspector The Inspector also interrogates the characters in a particularly harsh and rude manner. He scares them and pressures them until they finally break and confess the truth. He tries to make them feel guilty by continuously trying to make them see their errors and how they have been forgetting socialism, making them seem selfish and unbearable. He uses a lot of rhetorical questions to make the characters think about what they have done and probe at the truth. A good example of this is when the Inspector is talking to Sheila, just after she admits to having Eva Smith fired from Milwards. He says, And so you used the power you had, as a daughter of a good customer and also of a man well known in the town, to punish the girl just because she made you feel like that? he makes Sheila feel guilty and say, And if I could help her now, I would-. The Inspector then goes on to say, (harshly) Yes, but you cant. Its too late. Shes dead. Even though Sheila was already feeling guilty, the Inspector continues to remind her what she has done and the fact that Eva Smith is dead, making Sheila feel even worse. The Inspector makes the characters own up to their actions and reveal what he already seems to know, for example, towards the conclusion of the first act, when Gerald talks to Sheila about the time he spent with Daisy Renton last summer. He knows by now that Gerald has somewhat to establish and its just a matter of time before everything should unravel: The door opens and the Inspector walks in the room constantly in mind of questioning them. Inspector Well? At this moment in time he uses technique to give a bit on the next part of the story and where we could decide what may or may not happen. We see how the Birling and Gerald react, such as using the word good? At the exact moment this way, the characters will confess, Its as if they knew what was expected of them when they are wrong, because the Inspector is bluffing stories out bit by bit, only giving them one small bit of something, its as if he is starting a story and the Birlings are finishing it. Consequently the characters too are confused themselves in my opinion, because they are doing him a vast favour by telling him the truth, and this is one my favourite functions where he is able to manipulate the mind of the family through his interrogation in a situation where he knows he is bluffing and therefore it is a very good effect. It is used for large results, for example when he mentions the name Daisy Renton, Gerald suddenly says What? The Inspector responds instantly to the reaction of Gerald also now knowing that Gerald had known and expecting that he can hide this fact from the Inspector. However, the Birling family begin to see what the Inspector has done to them; however it is a little too late. For example, at the end of the second act, Sheila said: It gives us the rope so that we will hang him. Its like in the beginning when they commence to understand that they all had something to do with the death of Eva Smith and the Inspector comes eye to eye with each of them and with all the knowledge they need he ends up coming down hard on them, because the Inspector wants to see that the family feel remorse for their actions. In this moment in time Sheila is seeing this interrogation clearly and demonstrates this by saying somehow, he makes you. She sees clearly that the Inspector was knocking or building a wall between them and what they hide away from the Inspector. This is because it originates in their household since most of the information and each characters role in suicide of Eva Smith. In addition to the family of the Birling, they reveal more of the truth behin d their stories to the Inspector, whilst he has just supplied them with very little information. The Inspector also controls speech and movement on stage, for example, it controls speech as he admitted their connection with the death of Eva Smith, but he also controls the movement, for example at the beginning of the third act: Eric Can I have a drink first? The Inspector said very positively: Yes! I know it is your son and your home, but to watch. He needs a drink now, just to see it through. That is why Mr. Birling is literally forced to say Then go to Eric that he is hump by the Inspector Goole. It seems that if a higher power, and the power of authority is clearly established here. So he tries to show he is not here to mess about, but comes here to get the facts and deal directly with the murder mystery. Ideally there are many other occasions when similar actions occur in the room. At the end of the second act, the Inspector is able to Mrs. Birling to say that whoever got the Eva Smith pregnant should be punished severely; its show when she said: It must be dealt with very harshly. In telling her story in a very swollen and in a very emotional, so it feels great remorse that he and the family to find it was Eric who got her pregnant. It also creates irony and tension moments, it also hinders it, because it means that everything she said, is regretted by her. Finally, it pays the most money. I also believe that we have sympathy for that because the unborn baby has grown to own grandchildren Mrs. Birling and all this leading to his refusal to help when she came to ask for help when she needed most, so that lead to the accumulation of the death of his granddaughter when she is extremely sad over. One of the functions of Inspectors worked to good effects as it impact on the mind of Mr. Birling mind being changed. This relates to its function in the game as a sort of manipulative character that may also be brainwashing some of the characters in the room. In my opinion, that is what makes this wonderful and unique Inspector. It is really the only reason the Inspector Goole, visit the Birling. He just literally gets his point across and let them helpless. Leaving them wondering. Its like trying to find the pieces to join them to form a puzzle, and this is exactly the case with the Inspector, and they finished it, when they understand what the Inspector has really done for them. At the beginning of the play when he said that if Eva Smith wasnt sacked from his works, people like herself may eventually ask for the world. Then later in the play, he said: I would give thousands. He directs this to help out in knowing that now she is dead, and it all started because he was fired from his works. I think Mr. Birling is not too concerned about the scandal Eva Smith / Daisy Renton. But I also think it takes maturity and responsibility, and show some remorse for his actions and what is shown when the exact words said above I would give thousands. Inspector creates moments of tension in the room, like when he stops and says good. He slowed his speech for the person to talk to their point, he does so skilfully to let them clean what they have done. Currently, the public is at the edge of their seat because it is repeated continuously as happens throughout the piece. For example, in the first act ends so the word good is just perfect for creating a cliff hanging and JB Priestley, clearly demonstrated. Mrs. Birling I do not know anything about this girl. The Inspector seriously good, we shall see, Mrs. Birling. This then gives a chance to own before Inspector Goole to act on itself. However little we can hardly ever gives the public an idea of what is coming next. Inspector Goole is acting like a say in the moral history of Priestley and this is reflected in the dialogue of fence-viewers. It teaches that everyone is linked and we should all cooperate to make the world a better place. Thats when the speech begins, One Eva Smith has gone, but there are many more Eva Smith and John Smiths currently with us. This shows a contrast with the public good prospects in the hope of something. With their lives, their hopes and fears. This is a memorable phrase that will highlight the dialogue, and it is also an example of three things listed. Continuing his final dialogue with all the confusing our presence, with what we do, believe and think with each other. It shows a most memorable phrasing which then leads to a positive impact on readers that we will be more committed. Also at the end of the sentence, the list of three. This may be in minds of readers and their influence on socialism. We do not stay and live by ourselves, we are associates of a community as a whole, and we are responsible to each other. This is about as positive as it includes the word we, which makes the public to identify what is being said. In the last sentence of the Inspectors dialogue, he said, If men will not learn this lesson, the consequences are that fire, blood and anguish would be brought up against them. In this sentence the introduction of the first person singular is put forward to the audience he speaks directly with a serious tone towards what he says. In addition, some phrases are memorable, like fire and blood and anguish. They could be regarded as a prophecy of two world wars yet to come that Priestley wrote the play to make a political point in ending the dialogue. In addition, this makes the game more inexplicable. The Inspector is considered a time traveler . As if he is a man who has traveled back in time to tell everyone back in 1912 (when the room has been created), which is approaching here two world wars. This is another effect used by JB Priestley to recognize this game as a message to the people of the world. It can also be regarded as a time unit, where he went in the past and the story told in the future, this extension to intensify the effect. It then ends with Good Night which is a positive way to conclude his speech. To include to Priestleys voice, the character, Mr. Birling is presented as a sort of capitalist slave and the Inspector is charged in the fight with him all the way by showing him as an increasingly negative influence. Probably a socialist when we, like most readers realize the problems in the book, then looking at a wider horizon, they can also be debated issues around the world who are currently in progress, For as we, as the Inspector said in his final speech. In addition, this greatly helps change the publics views on politics and in giving them a slightly different viewpoint, like what is happening on the planet we live now? Such as the current wars and other issues. In my opinion, Inspector Goole is the speech, not necessarily for the characters on stage, but the audience. It may be a bit of a fascinating dialogue because it is very well built and it persuades people to learn from their mistakes and act on them. Priestley has done an excellent job of putting ideas across most of them are very important points that are generally neglected in our daily lives. I think the inspector is able to put the point across and Priestley that captures public attention, very well with his speech-making, and (Priestley) objectives have been successfully proposed. The Inspector is the maker of all the tension and drama as well as the mystery in which this play has to offer, and he used incredibly well to capture the attention of the audience. I think Priestley, as done well using Inspector Goole as the main character in the play because of the development he has to shows throughout the many different scenarios. The whole piece concludes with a sense that has demonstrated very well that priests can be considered a moral of the play, which is that the actions of everyone affects everyone and no one should be selfish as this may have an effect on anyones personal lives greatly in a sequence of events. The Inspector makes the characters own up to their actions and reveal what he already seems to know, for example, towards the conclusion of the first act, when Gerald talks to Sheila about the time he spent with Daisy Renton last summer. At the exact moment this way, the characters will confess, Its as if they knew what was expected of them when they are wrong, because the Inspector is bluffing stories out bit by bit, only giving them one small bit of something, its as if he is starting a story and the Birlings are finishing it. The Inspector responds instantly to the reaction of Gerald also now knowing that Gerald had known and expecting that he can hide this fact from the Inspector. Its like in the beginning when they commence to understand that they all had something to do with the death of Eva Smith and the Inspector comes eye to eye with each of them and with all the knowledge they need he ends up coming down hard on them, because the Inspector wants to see that the family feel remorse for their actions. The Inspector also controls speech and movement on stage, for example, it controls speech as he admitted their connection with the death of Eva Smith, but he also controls the movement, for example at the beginning of the third act: To include to Priestleys voice, the character, Mr Birling is presented as a sort of capitalist slave and the Inspector is charged in the fight with him all the way by showing him as an increasingly negative influence. I think Priestley, as done well using Inspector Goole as the main character in the play because of the development he has to shows throughout the many different scenarios I think the purpose of his visit was to show the family that their  lives and what they do during their life is far more influential than they realise, either positively or negatively. Had they helped Eva  Smith, her life may not have been lost, but in fact, the Inspectors intention was to help them see where they went wrong and secure them on the right path if they were willing to respond. He wanted to aid  them in their understanding that in life there are huge decisions and choices to make which, if are chosen wrongly, can have devastating effects, not only for them but for other people . The reason the Police Inspector arrived here at the Birling household was to investigate a suicide. He seemed to already know everything that the family told him of the questions he was asking. It was as though he had been watching them for the past 10 or so years and knew everything  that had gone on. It appears innocent, just routine innocuous questioning. Sheila used her authority, coming from a wealthy family, to get Eva Smith fired, I went to the manager at Milwards and I told him that if they didnt get rid of that girl, Id never go near the place again and Id persuade mother to close our account with them. When Sheila hears the news that Eva Smith has killed herself she is devastated. She looks at the photograph of Eva Smith, (recognizes it with a little cry, gives a half stifled sob, and then runs out). Her mood also changes and she starts to see things in a different perspective to try and understand the situation and her involvement in it. She regrets what she has done and promises to never, never do it again to anybody. At this stage the audience sees Sheila as a very honest individual. She admits that she was jealous and that her pride was insulted and that If shed been some miserable plain little creature, I dont suppose Id have done it. But she was very pretty. Eva Smith killed herself because she could not withstand the pro blems mounting in her life; she had no money, no friends and no family. As Sheila observes everyones involvement in Eva Smiths downfall she begins to recognize the message behind Inspector Gooles visit to the Birling Family, Well he inspected us alright.